Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs: ALT, ALP, Causes & Natural Support

Your dog's liver enzymes are high. How worried should you be?

Maybe routine bloodwork came back with a high ALT. Maybe the ALP is several times above the laboratory range. Maybe your veterinarian mentioned AST, GGT, bilirubin or bile acids and now you are trying to figure out whether your dog has liver disease — or liver failure.

First: an elevated liver enzyme is a clue. It is not a complete diagnosis.

ALT, ALP, AST and GGT do not all mean the same thing. Some can rise because of liver-cell injury. Some can rise with gallbladder or bile-flow problems. Some can be influenced by steroids, seizure medications, endocrine disease, muscle injury or even normal growth in a young dog.

So I do not start by asking, “What supplement lowers liver enzymes?”

I start by asking why are they elevated?

See Your Veterinarian for an official diagnosis. Then you and I can work together on a support and recovery strategy.

Veterinary bloodwork, repeat testing, urinalysis, bile-acid testing, ultrasound, endocrine testing and other diagnostics may be necessary to determine why your dog's liver values are changing.

My role as a Holistic Canine Health Practitioner and Canine Nutritionist is to help connect those findings with your dog's food, medications, supplements, chemical exposure, digestion, gallbladder health, body condition and appropriate natural-support options.

What Does It Mean When a Dog Has Elevated Liver Enzymes?

Liver enzymes are proteins involved in normal cellular processes. When liver cells, bile ducts or other tissues are affected, certain enzymes can leak into or become more active in the bloodstream.

That gives us useful information.

What it does not give us is a one-number diagnosis.

A dog with one mildly elevated ALP who feels fantastic is not automatically the same case as a dog whose ALT is climbing rapidly, bilirubin is elevated, appetite is disappearing and ultrasound shows an abnormal liver or gallbladder.

One of the Most Important Things to Understand

Liver enzymes are not the same thing as liver function.

Elevated enzymes can tell us that something is happening around the liver, hepatocytes or biliary system.

They do not automatically tell us that the liver has stopped performing its jobs.

That distinction can save a lot of panic — and a lot of random supplement buying.

ALT, ALP, AST and GGT in Dogs: What Do They Mean?

If you are staring at your dog's bloodwork, these are the liver-related abbreviations you are most likely to see.

High ALT in Dogs

ALT stands for alanine aminotransferase.

In dogs, ALT is concentrated heavily in liver cells and is commonly used as a marker of hepatocellular injury.

When liver-cell membranes are injured or altered, ALT can leak into the bloodstream.

A high ALT tells us liver cells may be irritated or injured. It does not tell us the exact cause, and it does not by itself measure how well the liver is functioning.

I pay particular attention to whether ALT is:

• Mildly elevated or markedly elevated
• Stable or continuing to climb
• New or chronically abnormal
• Changing alongside bilirubin, ALP or GGT
• Associated with symptoms
• Changing after a medication, illness or exposure

High ALP in Dogs

ALP stands for alkaline phosphatase.

This is one of the most commonly elevated values on canine bloodwork — and one of the easiest to overinterpret.

ALP can rise with liver and biliary disease, but dogs also have ALP forms that can be induced by corticosteroids.

Elevated ALP can be seen with:

• Cholestasis or impaired bile flow
• Gallbladder and biliary disease
• Cushing's disease
• Steroid medications such as prednisone
• Certain anticonvulsant medications
• Some cancers or other chronic illnesses
• Bone growth in puppies and young dogs
• Primary liver disease

In other words, a dramatically elevated ALP does not automatically prove that your dog's liver is failing.

It does tell me we should understand the pattern.

High AST in Dogs

AST stands for aspartate aminotransferase.

AST can increase with liver injury, but it is also found in muscle and other tissues. Muscle injury, inflammation or strenuous activity can sometimes complicate its interpretation.

When AST is elevated, I want to see the rest of the bloodwork rather than automatically blaming the liver.

High GGT in Dogs

GGT stands for gamma-glutamyl transferase.

Serum GGT in dogs is largely associated with the hepatobiliary system and can increase with cholestasis, gallbladder or bile-duct problems and other liver conditions.

GGT is generally less sensitive than ALP in dogs but may add useful context when interpreted alongside ALP, ALT, bilirubin, ultrasound findings and the dog's symptoms.

What About Bilirubin?

Bilirubin is not a liver enzyme.

It is a pigment produced during normal red-blood-cell breakdown and processed through the liver and biliary system.

Elevated bilirubin can occur because of red-blood-cell destruction, liver dysfunction, cholestasis or obstruction of bile flow.

When bilirubin rises enough, you may see jaundice — yellowing of the eyes, gums or skin.

High bilirubin gets my attention very differently from an isolated mild ALP elevation.

Liver Enzymes vs. Liver Function Tests

This deserves its own section because it is one of the most misunderstood parts of canine liver bloodwork.

ALT, ALP, AST and GGT help identify patterns of injury, enzyme induction or cholestasis.

To understand how well the liver is actually performing its many jobs, your veterinarian may also look at findings such as:

• Bile acids
• Albumin
• Bilirubin
• Glucose
• Cholesterol
• BUN
• Blood-clotting parameters
• Ammonia in selected cases

Bile Acids

Bile-acid testing can provide information about hepatic function, portal blood flow and some forms of cholestatic disease.

It may be especially useful when a dog has persistently abnormal liver enzymes but the bigger question is whether liver function or blood flow through the liver is abnormal.

Bile acids are also commonly used when a portosystemic shunt or microvascular dysplasia is being investigated.

Albumin, Glucose, Cholesterol and BUN

The liver participates in protein synthesis, glucose regulation, cholesterol metabolism and urea production.

Changes in these values can sometimes add important information in dogs with significant hepatic dysfunction.

Again, I want the entire pattern — not just the loudest red number on the page.

How High Is Too High for Liver Enzymes in Dogs?

There is no single universal number where I can say: “Below this is fine, above this is terrible.”

Laboratory reference ranges differ, and the significance of the elevation depends on:

• Which enzyme is elevated
• How many times above that laboratory's range it is
• Whether several enzymes are changing together
• How quickly the value changed
• Whether the dog has symptoms
• Medication history
• Age
• Other laboratory abnormalities
• Ultrasound or imaging findings

A single elevated value can sometimes be transient. A persistent or progressively increasing pattern deserves more investigation.

Why Do Liver Enzymes Become Elevated in Dogs?

There are many possibilities, which is exactly why I do not begin with a generic “liver detox.”

Medications

Some medications can affect liver enzymes without automatically causing liver failure.

Examples include:

• Corticosteroids such as prednisone
• Phenobarbital and certain other anticonvulsants
• Some medications that can cause idiosyncratic liver injury

Other drugs may also require liver monitoring depending on the medication, dose, duration and individual dog.

Please do not discontinue an important medication simply because liver enzymes increased. The medication may be controlling seizures, inflammation or another serious problem.

The better conversation is whether the pattern is expected, whether true liver dysfunction is present, whether additional testing is needed and how we can appropriately support the dog.

Phenobarbital and High Liver Enzymes

This deserves special mention because many seizure-dog parents encounter it.

Phenobarbital commonly induces liver enzymes in dogs, particularly ALP, and can also raise ALT.

Enzyme induction is not identical to liver failure.

However, chronic phenobarbital use can also be associated with true hepatotoxicity, particularly when blood concentrations become excessive.

That is why seizure dogs on phenobarbital need appropriate drug-level monitoring and liver follow-up rather than either panicking over every ALP increase or ignoring liver values completely.

Steroids and Cushing's Disease

Dogs have a corticosteroid-induced form of ALP.

That means prednisone, other glucocorticoids and naturally elevated cortisol in Cushing's disease can cause substantial ALP elevations.

ALT can also rise.

This is another reason an isolated high ALP needs context before somebody declares that the dog has primary liver disease.

Gallbladder or Bile-Flow Problems

ALP, GGT and bilirubin may draw attention toward the gallbladder, bile ducts or impaired bile flow.

Gallbladder sludge, inflammation, mucoceles, pancreatitis and extrahepatic bile-duct obstruction can all become part of the investigation depending on the dog.

This is one reason abdominal ultrasound can be so helpful.

Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis can cause persistent or fluctuating elevations in ALT, AST, ALP and GGT.

Dogs may initially have very few outward symptoms even while liver injury is occurring.

In some cases, definitive diagnosis requires liver biopsy rather than simply more supplement experimentation.

Copper-Associated Liver Disease

Abnormal copper accumulation can contribute to chronic liver injury in susceptible dogs.

This is not something I diagnose by looking at the copper content of one food label. Proper evaluation may require additional diagnostics and, in some cases, quantitative copper analysis from liver tissue.

Once copper-associated disease is identified, nutrition becomes much more targeted.

Endocrine and Metabolic Disease

Cushing's disease is a classic example, but diabetes and other metabolic or endocrine disorders can also be associated with liver and enzyme changes.

Sometimes the liver values are the clue that sends us looking somewhere else.

Pancreatic and Digestive Disease

Pancreatitis and inflammation involving nearby biliary structures can affect liver and gallbladder findings.

This is why I frequently look at the liver, gallbladder, pancreas and gut as connected systems rather than isolated body parts.

Infection

Certain bacterial, viral and other infectious diseases can affect the liver. Leptospirosis is one example veterinarians may consider depending on symptoms, exposure history and geographic risk.

Toxins and Chemical Exposure

Some toxins can directly injure the liver.

This is different from saying every household chemical or flea product automatically causes elevated liver enzymes.

I still want a complete exposure history, particularly when the change is sudden or closely follows a new medication, supplement, pesticide, plant, chemical or other potential exposure.

Liver Nodules, Masses and Cancer

Liver nodules and tumors can alter liver enzymes, but an abnormal liver enzyme does not automatically mean cancer.

Imaging helps us determine whether structural changes are present.

Growing Puppies

ALP can also be higher in young dogs because bone growth contributes to alkaline phosphatase activity.

Age belongs in the interpretation.

My Dog Acts Fine but the Liver Enzymes Are High

This is extremely common.

Dogs can have enzyme changes before obvious symptoms develop. Some enzyme elevations are also caused by medication induction or nonhepatic disease.

Feeling normal is reassuring, but it is not a reason to ignore a persistent trend.

This is where I want to know:

• Was this the first abnormal test?
• What did last year's values look like?
• Are the values stable, decreasing or climbing?
• Which enzymes are involved?
• Is bilirubin normal?
• What do albumin, glucose, cholesterol and BUN look like?
• What medications is the dog taking?
• Does an ultrasound make sense?

Symptoms That Can Occur With Liver Disease

Elevated enzymes themselves usually do not create symptoms. The condition causing the elevation may.

Possible signs include:

• Reduced appetite
• Nausea or vomiting
• Weight loss
• Loss of muscle
• Lethargy or weakness
• Increased thirst or urination
• Yellowing of the eyes, gums or skin
• Dark urine
• Pale, gray or unusual stool color
• Abdominal swelling
• Bruising or bleeding
• Disorientation or other neurologic changes

When Elevated Liver Values Need More Urgent Care

Contact your veterinarian promptly or seek emergency care if abnormal liver values occur alongside:

• Yellow eyes, gums or skin
• Repeated vomiting
• Refusal to eat
• Marked weakness or collapse
• A swollen or painful abdomen
• Unexplained bruising or bleeding
• Very dark urine
• Severe lethargy
• Sudden disorientation
• Head pressing or circling
• Tremors or seizures
• Known or suspected toxin ingestion

This is not a “let's try milk thistle for a month and see what happens” situation.

What Tests Might Come Next?

Not every dog with an elevated enzyme needs every liver test. The next step depends on the enzyme pattern, magnitude, symptoms and history.

Your veterinarian may consider:

• Repeat chemistry bloodwork
• Complete blood count
• Urinalysis
• Bile-acid testing
• Blood-clotting tests
• Endocrine testing such as Cushing's evaluation
• Leptospirosis or other infectious-disease testing when appropriate
• Abdominal ultrasound
• Gallbladder evaluation
• Liver aspirate or biopsy in selected cases
• Quantitative liver copper testing when copper-associated disease is suspected

The point of diagnostics is not to order every test imaginable.

It is to stop guessing.

What Should I Feed a Dog With Elevated Liver Enzymes?

This is where generic liver advice really starts to fall apart.

There is no universal “elevated liver enzyme diet.”

A dog with medication-induced ALP changes is not automatically the same nutrition case as a dog with:

• Copper-associated liver disease
• Chronic hepatitis
• A portosystemic shunt
• Hepatic encephalopathy
• Gallbladder sludge or mucocele
• Pancreatitis
• Diabetes
• Severe weight or muscle loss

Do Dogs With High Liver Enzymes Need Low Protein?

Not automatically.

Dogs need protein and amino acids to maintain muscle, immune function and normal repair.

Protein modification may be necessary in certain situations — particularly some dogs with hepatic encephalopathy or portosystemic shunting.

That is completely different from automatically restricting protein because one ALP value came back high.

I want the diagnosis first.

Should I Feed Liver to a Dog With High Liver Enzymes?

Organ meat is nutrient dense, but it is not automatically the right addition to every liver case.

Liver is naturally rich in copper and other nutrients. If copper-associated liver disease is part of the concern, casually adding more liver to the bowl may be exactly the opposite of what we want.

This is another reason I do not publish a universal “liver-support diet.”

What About Fat?

Elevated liver enzymes do not automatically mean your dog needs an extremely low-fat diet.

Fat tolerance becomes much more important when pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, hyperlipidemia or another condition is involved.

I formulate around the whole diagnosis — not a rule that says every liver dog must avoid a particular meat.

Fresh Food for Dogs With Elevated Liver Enzymes

When appropriate, I prefer a fresh, moisture-rich food foundation because it gives us greater control over ingredients, protein quality, copper, fats, fiber, antioxidants and calories.

But “fresh” is not enough.

A poorly balanced homemade diet is still poorly balanced.

If we are supporting a dog with abnormal liver values, I want the bowl intentionally designed around that dog's labs, diagnosis and other health concerns.

Learn about Customized Dog Food & Meal Planning

How Can I Lower My Dog's Liver Enzymes Naturally?

This is one of the most common Google searches around liver bloodwork.

But I want to change the question slightly.

The goal is not simply to make ALT or ALP lower.

The goal is to understand and address whatever is causing the enzymes to be elevated.

If ALP is being induced by a necessary medication, blindly adding supplements may not change the underlying reason.

If bile flow is impaired because of gallbladder disease, that needs attention.

If chronic hepatitis is present, that requires a different strategy.

If copper is accumulating, copper intake and medical treatment may become central.

If Cushing's is driving the pattern, the endocrine problem cannot be ignored.

Once I understand the likely cause, then natural support becomes much more intelligent.

Natural Support for Dogs With Elevated Liver Enzymes

Natural approaches can complement veterinary diagnostics and treatment.

I use them by category and by dog — not as a universal liver stack.

Nutrition

Food comes first for me.

I look at protein quality, calories, muscle condition, fats, copper when relevant, antioxidants, moisture, digestion and the dog's other diagnoses.

Milk Thistle

Milk thistle is one of the best-known herbs used for liver support and is often one of the first natural tools people encounter.

It may be useful.

That still does not mean every dog needs the same form or amount, or that milk thistle is enough by itself.

Read: Milk Thistle vs. Denamarin for Dogs With High Liver Enzymes

SAMe, NAC and Glutathione Support

SAMe and N-acetylcysteine — NAC — may be considered in selected liver-support situations because of their roles in antioxidant and glutathione pathways.

They are not interchangeable with a diagnosis.

NAC also has very specific veterinary uses in certain toxic exposures, which is another reason I do not treat it like a casual “detox supplement.”

What About Denamarin?

Denamarin combines SAMe with a concentrated milk-thistle-derived compound called silybin.

It may be useful for some dogs.

I do not assume it is automatically the best liver-support product simply because liver enzymes are elevated, and I also do not dismiss it simply because it is a conventional veterinary recommendation.

The product needs to fit the dog and the purpose. Then I want follow-up bloodwork to tell us whether the strategy is helping.

Western Herbs

Depending on the dog and the liver or gallbladder pattern, I may consider herbs such as milk thistle, schisandra, dandelion, burdock and other appropriately selected herbs.

This is not a reason to combine every “liver herb” in one jar.

Chinese Herbs and TCVM

Chinese herbal medicine gives us another way to individualize liver support.

TCVM may identify patterns involving Liver Qi stagnation, Liver Heat, Damp Heat, Liver Blood deficiency, Liver Yin deficiency or digestive weakness.

A dog with a hot inflammatory pattern may not need the same Chinese herbal approach as a frail senior dog showing deficiency.

Same ALT. Different dog. Different pattern.

Chinese herbal formulas should be selected around the dog rather than simply because the formula name sounds liver related.

Essential Oils

Essential oils may be another part of an individualized whole-dog strategy.

Depending on the dog, I may use aromatherapy for stress, emotional balance, digestive comfort, seasonal wellness or other supportive goals.

I do not publish a universal “liver detox oil blend” because age, medications, liver function, sensitivity, route of use and the dog's other conditions change how I use essential oils.

Gut and Microbiome Support

The liver receives nutrient-rich blood coming from the intestinal tract. Gut health, stool quality, digestion, microbiome disruption and chronic intestinal inflammation can therefore belong in the larger conversation.

That does not mean every high ALT dog needs the same probiotic.

Omega-3s and Antioxidant Support

Omega-3 fatty acids and selected antioxidant support may be useful depending on the dog's diet, inflammation, condition and overall plan.

More supplements are not automatically better.

Homeopathy, PEMF, Reiki and Bodywork

Homeopathy, PEMF, Reiki, massage and other supportive modalities may also fit into the whole-dog plan.

These are complementary tools. They do not replace diagnostics or correct an obstructed bile duct.

What I Do Not Want You to Do

Please do not see a high ALT or ALP and immediately start:

milk thistle + SAMe + NAC + dandelion + turmeric + a detox powder + mushroom blend + three essential oils + a completely new homemade diet all on the same Tuesday.

Now if the bloodwork changes, nobody knows what helped. If your dog develops diarrhea, nobody knows what caused it. And if the numbers continue climbing, we may have wasted valuable time.

I would rather make thoughtful changes and be able to evaluate the response.

When Should Liver Enzymes Be Rechecked?

Follow-up timing depends on why the enzymes are elevated, how high they are, whether symptoms are present, medication use and what your veterinarian is trying to monitor.

An acutely ill dog may need follow-up much sooner than a stable dog with a mild, incidental elevation.

When we intentionally change the liver-support strategy, I want a defined plan for reassessment rather than giving the same supplement indefinitely and hoping for the best.

The trend tells us whether we are moving in the right direction.

Can Elevated Liver Enzymes Go Back to Normal?

Yes, sometimes.

Enzymes may decline when a temporary injury resolves, medication effects change, an underlying disease is controlled or the liver recovers from an acute insult.

In chronic disease, the goal may be improvement, stabilization and preserving liver function rather than expecting every laboratory value to become perfect.

This is also why I am cautious about promises that a particular supplement will “reverse liver disease.”

We need to know what disease — if any — we are actually dealing with.

The Whole Dog Changes the Liver Plan

When someone contacts me because their dog's liver enzymes are elevated, I want more than the ALT number.

I want to know:

• Your dog's age, breed and size
• Which liver enzymes are elevated
• How high they are compared with that laboratory's range
• Whether they are increasing, decreasing or stable
• Whether bilirubin is elevated
• What albumin, glucose, cholesterol and BUN look like
• Whether bile acids have been checked
• Whether an ultrasound has been performed
• Whether gallbladder sludge, mucocele or bile-flow problems are present
• Whether the pancreas is involved
• Current medications
• Seizure-medication history
• Steroid history
• Recent anesthesia or surgery
• Supplements and herbs already being used
• Diet history
• Treats, chews, toppers and table food
• Whether copper has become a concern
• Appetite and nausea patterns
• Stool and urine changes
• Weight and muscle condition
• Skin, inflammatory and digestive patterns
• Environmental or chemical exposure history
• Other diagnoses such as Cushing's, diabetes, pancreatitis or cancer

Most people giving liver advice online are answering from their own dog's story.

Their dog may have had medication-induced ALP. Yours may have gallbladder disease.

Same phrase — “high liver enzymes” — completely different plan.

Frequently Asked Questions About Elevated Liver Enzymes in Dogs

Are elevated liver enzymes in dogs always serious?

No. The significance depends on which enzyme is elevated, how high it is, whether the change persists, medication history, other bloodwork, symptoms and the underlying cause. Some enzyme elevations are induced by medications or nonhepatic disease, while others may signal significant liver or biliary disease.

Does high ALT mean my dog has liver failure?

No. ALT is primarily a marker of liver-cell injury in dogs. It does not directly measure liver function and cannot by itself determine the specific liver disease.

What does a high ALP mean in dogs?

ALP can increase with liver or biliary disease, but in dogs it can also be strongly influenced by corticosteroids, Cushing's disease, certain anticonvulsant medications, chronic illness and bone growth in young dogs. It is a sensitive but nonspecific clue.

Can prednisone cause high liver enzymes in dogs?

Yes. Corticosteroids can induce ALP in dogs and can also cause smaller ALT increases. The enzyme pattern should be interpreted in the context of the medication, dose, duration and the rest of the dog's bloodwork.

Can phenobarbital cause elevated liver enzymes in dogs?

Yes. Phenobarbital commonly increases ALP and can increase ALT in dogs through enzyme induction. Chronic phenobarbital can also rarely contribute to true liver injury, which is why serum drug levels and liver monitoring are important.

What foods should I feed a dog with high liver enzymes?

There is no one liver-enzyme diet. Food should be selected around the cause of the elevation, the dog's muscle condition, protein needs, copper status, fat tolerance, gallbladder and pancreatic health and other diagnoses. Fresh food can be an excellent option when it is properly formulated for the individual dog.

Should a dog with high liver enzymes eat low protein?

Not automatically. Protein restriction is appropriate in selected hepatic conditions, particularly some cases involving hepatic encephalopathy or portosystemic shunting. An isolated elevated liver enzyme is not enough reason to severely restrict protein.

Is milk thistle good for dogs with high liver enzymes?

Milk thistle may be a useful liver-support herb, but it does not diagnose the cause of an enzyme elevation and it is not the only consideration. Product form, concentration, medications, diagnosis and follow-up testing all influence how useful it may be for the individual dog.

Is Denamarin good for elevated liver enzymes?

Denamarin contains SAMe and concentrated silybin and may be useful for some dogs. I do not assume every dog with elevated enzymes automatically needs the same combination. The product should fit the dog, the cause and the overall liver-support strategy, with follow-up testing used to evaluate the response.

Can high liver enzymes be caused by gallbladder disease?

Yes. Cholestasis, gallbladder inflammation, mucoceles and bile-duct obstruction can affect ALP, GGT, bilirubin and sometimes other liver values. Ultrasound may be useful when biliary disease is suspected.

Can elevated liver enzymes go back to normal?

They can, depending on the cause. Temporary injuries, some medication-related changes and treatable underlying conditions may improve. Chronic liver disease may require longer-term management, and the goal may be stabilization rather than perfect numbers.

How can I lower my dog's liver enzymes naturally?

I focus first on finding the reason for the elevation rather than chasing the laboratory number. Depending on the dog, support may include individualized nutrition, reducing avoidable exposures, milk thistle or other herbs, Chinese herbal support, SAMe or other antioxidant support, gut support, essential oils and other complementary approaches. The right strategy depends on the diagnosis, medications and complete lab picture.

Your Dog's Liver Enzymes Are Telling Us Something. Let's Figure Out What.

If you are staring at ALT, ALP, AST or GGT and wondering what to feed, whether your dog's medications are part of the picture or which natural liver-support options actually make sense, this is where individualized support can save a lot of trial and error.

As a Holistic Canine Health Practitioner and Canine Nutritionist, I can help you review the bloodwork trends, food, medications, supplements, gallbladder and digestive clues, exposure history and whole-dog picture so we can decide what deserves attention.

Submit an inquiry and let's see what I can do to help. No obligation — the inquiry callback is no cost to you.

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A Note About Dosing

No dosing is provided here because every dog's case is different. The right support depends on the dog's diagnosis, medications, diet history, lab work, organ function, weight, tolerance and what else they may already be using.

That is especially important with abnormal liver values because a dog taking anticonvulsants, steroids or multiple medications may require a very different strategy from a dog with gallbladder disease, copper-associated liver disease or a transient enzyme elevation.

Educational Disclaimer: The information provided by The Well Oiled K9 is for educational and wellness-support purposes only and is not a substitute for veterinary diagnosis, treatment, prescriptions, emergency care or medical advice. Statements regarding natural products, herbs, supplements, essential oils and other wellness approaches have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. Persistent or significantly elevated liver values require appropriate veterinary evaluation and monitoring.

Veterinary References: Merck Veterinary Manual — Liver Enzyme Activity   |   Merck Veterinary Manual — Hepatic Function Tests